Fish, Birds, and Creatures – Day 5 & Prehistoric Creatures, Part 1 of 3

Thinking e1539012817663Did You make the animals or people first?

“And God said, Let the waters bring forth  abundantly the moving creature that hath life, and fowl that may fly above the earth in the open firmament of heaven.  And God created great whales, and every living creature that moveth, which the waters brought forth abundantly, after their kind, and every winged fowl after his kind.  And God saw that it was good.

And God blessed them, saying, Be fruitful, and multiply and fill the waters in the seas, and let  fowl multiply in the earth.  Andthe evening and the morning  were the fifth day” (Gen 1:20-23).

Prehistoric Creatures, Part 1 of 3

Most people think of dinosaurs as big, ferocious and extinct reptiles. That’s largely true, but there are some misconceptions. Dinosaurs came in all shapes and sizes.

1. Tyrannosaurus Rex by Grunt
The name Tyrannosaurus rex means “king of the tyrant lizards”: “tyranno” means tyrant in Greek; “saurus” means lizard in Greek, and “rex” means “king” in Latin. In 1905, Henry Fairfield Osborn, president of the American Museum of Natural History at the time, named Tyrannosaurus Rex.

Dinosaurs were the largest land animals of all time, but a great number of dinosaurs were smaller than a turkey.

Dinosaurs first appeared about 230 million years ago. They ruled the Earth for about 135 million years until an extinction event 65 million years ago wiped out all but bird-like dinosaurs.

Scientists don’t agree entirely on what happened, but the extinction likely was a double or triple whammy involving an asteroid impact, choking chemicals from erupting volcanoes, climate change and possibly other factors.

Flying On

Yet only the big, classic dinosaurs are extinct. Birds are living dinosaurs, most experts believe. Think of that next time a pigeon strafes you.

2.
Paleontologists view Archaeopteryx as a transition between dinosaurs and modern birds.

Fossils show that some of the more advanced dinosaurs had feathers or feather-like body covering, but many of them didn’t fly and probably didn’t even glide. 

Archaeopteryx, which was for a long time considered to be the first bird (although this status is not certain), is the most famous example. Instead, feathers, rather than being an adaptation for flight, helped these bird-like non-birds stay warm as juveniles.

Many people think extinct flying reptiles called pterosaurs were dinosaurs. They were dinosaurs’ closest relatives but technically not dinosaurs.

Pterosaurs had hollow bones, relatively large brains and eyes, and, of course, the flaps of skin extending along their arms, which were attached to the digits on their front hands.

The family includes Pterodactyls, with elaborate, bony head crests and lack of teeth. Pterosaurs survived up until the mass die-off 65 million years ago, when they were went the way of the dodo along with marine reptiles and other dinosaurs.

3. Pterodactyl
Pterodactyl is the common term for the winged reptiles properly called pterosaurs.

Hip Check

Dinosaur fossils were first recognized in the 19th century. In 1842, paleontologist Richard Owen coined the term dinosaur, derived from the Greek deinos, meaning “terrible” or “fearfully great,” and sauros, meaning “lizard” or reptile.”

Scientists classify dinosaurs into two orders — Saurischians and Ornithischians — based on the structure of the bones in their hips.

Most of the well-known dinosaurs — including Tyrannosaurus rexDeinonychus and Velociraptor — fall into the order known as Saurischian dinosaurs (pronounced sor-ISK-ee-en). 

4. Velociraptor
Velociraptor roamed the Earth about 85.8 million to 70.6 million years ago during the end of the Cretaceous Period.

These “reptile-hipped” dinosaurs have a pelvis that points forward, similar to more primitive animals. They are often long-necked, have large and sharp teeth, long second fingers, and a first finger that points strongly away from the rest of the fingers.

Saurischians are divided into two groups – four legged herbivores called sauropods and two-legged carnivores called theropods (living birds are theropods).

Theropods walked on two legs and were carnivorous. “Theropod” means “beast-footed” and they are some of the fearsome and most recognizable dinosaurs — including Allosaurus and T. rex.

Scientists have wondered whether large theropods — such as Giganotosaurus and Spinosaurus — actively hunted their prey, or simply scavenged carcasses.

5. Spinosaurus
Spinosaurus was the biggest of all the carnivorous dinosaurs, larger than Tyrannosaurus and Giganotosaurus. It lived during part of the Cretaceous period, about 112 million to 97 million years ago, roaming the swamps of North Africa.
Two Spinosaurus species have been named based on the regions where they were discovered: Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Egyptian spine lizard) and Spinosaurus maroccanus (Moroccan spine lizard).
Spinosaurus means “spine lizard,” an appropriate descriptor, as the dinosaur had very long spines growing on its back to form what is referred to as a “sail.” The distinctive spines, which grew out of the animal’s back vertebrae, were up to 7 feet (2.1 meters) long and were likely connected to one another by skin.

The evidence points to the animals working together as opportunistic hunters: they would bring down prey, but also eat animals that were lying around.

When fossil-hunters found bones with bite marks on them, they wondered if theropods engaged in cannibalism. It appears now that the animals may have scavenged their own kind, but they didn’t hunt down their own.

Sauropods were herbivores with long heads, long necks and long tails. They were among the largest land animals ever, but they likely had small brains. The gentle giants like leaf-eating ApatosaurusBrachiosaurus and Diplodocus are part of this family.

Ornithischia

6. Triceratops
Archaeologists have found the remains of a dinosaur that could reshape our understanding of the natural history of planet Earth.
The “triceratops-style” beast was discovered after its tooth was dug out of rock in Missippipi.
The ceratopsid dinosaur is believed to have roamed across North America between 66 and 68 million years ago.
Until now, scientists believed ancient North America was entirely split by an enormous sea.
But the discovery of the horned dinosaur has suggested there was a bridge between the two sides of America.

Ornithischian (pronounced or-neh-THISK-ee-en) dinosaurs, a group that includes horned and frilled Triceratops, spiked  Stegosaurus  and armored Ankylosaurus, are more mild-mannered, plant eaters.

These dinosaurs were beaked herbivores. Smaller than the sauropods, the ornithischia (meaning “bird-hipped”) often lived in herds and were prey to the larger species of dinosaurs.

Interestingly, the ornithischia shifted from a two-legged to a four-legged posture at least three times in their evolutionary history and scientists think they could adopt both postures early in their evolutionary history.

Marine reptiles

During the age of the dinosaurs, a lot was happening below the surface of the world’s oceans.  The “fish flippers,” or ichthyopterygia, includes Ichthyosaurus — the streamlined, tuna- and dolphin-shaped ocean-going

7. Stegosaurus
Stegosaurus was a large, plant-eating dinosaur that lived during the late Jurassic Period, about 150.8 million to 155.7 million years ago, primarily in western North America. It was about the size of a bus and carried around two rows of bony plates along its back that made it appear even bigger.

predators.

This abundant family of marine reptiles largely went extinct at the end of the Jurassic Period.

 

 

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